An Aptitude-Treatment-Interaction-Approach on Motivation and Student's Self-Regulated Multimedia-Based Learning

The goal of this study was to develop the research basics for identifying individual differences in multimedia learning and motivation. Within this study, the effects of implementing motivational design of instruction within multimedia-based learning were tested. Motivational design of instruction was related to the ARCS-model and resulted in using instructional strategies for increasing attention and relevance of the learning material. In addition, an aptitude-treatment-interaction (ATI)-approach was developed which connected motivational design of instruction to mental resources management, motivational processing, pre-motivation, motivation to learn, and knowledge acquisition. For testing the theoretical assumptions, there were four types of a multimedia-based instructional system implemented: One instructional system had no ARCS strategies, one had attention strategies, another had relevance strategies, and one finally had both attention and relevance strategies. Four groups of elementary school students (n = 68) had to learn with the different instructional systems. The effects of learning with these instructional systems were measured on motivation to learn and on knowledge acquisition. Pre-motivation (outcome-valences), pre-knowledge, and cognitive load represented aptitude- and process-variables. Results indicated that a combination of both attention and relevance strategies improved motivation to learn, especially for those students with low levels of pre-motivation. Pre-knowledge increased and cognitive load decreased knowledge acquisition. Finally, open research questions and methodological aspects are outlined. In addition, suggestions for the design of instructional multimedia are given.The goal of this study was to develop the research basics for identifying individual differences in multimedia learning and motivation. Within this study, the effects of implementing motivational design of instruction within multimedia-based learning were tested. Motivational design of instruction was related to the ARCS-model and resulted in using instructional strategies for increasing attention and relevance of the learning material. In addition, an aptitude-treatment-interaction (ATI)-approach was developed which connected motivational design of instruction to mental resources management, motivational processing, pre-motivation, motivation to learn, and knowledge acquisition. For testing the theoretical assumptions, there were four types of a multimedia-based instructional system implemented: One instructional system had no ARCS strategies, one had attention strategies, another had relevance strategies, and one finally had both attention and relevance strategies. Four groups of elementary school students (n = 68) had to learn with the different instructional systems. The effects of learning with these instructional systems were measured on motivation to learn and on knowledge acquisition. Pre-motivation (outcome-valences), pre-knowledge, and cognitive load represented aptitude- and process-variables. Results indicated that a combination of both attention and relevance strategies improved motivation to learn, especially for those students with low levels of pre-motivation. Pre-knowledge increased and cognitive load decreased knowledge acquisition. Finally, open research questions and methodological aspects are outlined. In addition, suggestions for the design of instructional multimedia are given

It’s common – but not normal! : Welche Eigenschaften hat ein wirksames Beckenboden-Training in der Schwangerschaft zum Vorbeugen und Reduzieren von Urininkontinenzsymptomen bis zu einem Jahr postpartum?

Darstellung des Themas: Während der Schwangerschaft und Geburt ist der weibliche Beckenboden zusätzlichen Belastungen ausgesetzt, weshalb die Urininkontinenz eine häufige Beschwerde vor (35-67%) und nach der Geburt (31%) darstellt. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse besagen, dass als Prävention und Therapie der Urininkontinenz Beckenbodenübungen während dieser Zeit gemacht werden sollten. Bis anhin gibt es in der Schweiz jedoch keine Leitlinien, wie dieses Thema in der Schwangerenvorsorge integriert werden soll. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, herauszufinden welche Eigenschaften ein wirksames Beckenbodentraining in der Schwangerschaft zum Vorbeugen und Reduzieren von Urininkontinenzsymptomen bis zu einem Jahr postpartum hat. Davon abgeleitet sollen Empfehlungen für die Praxis gemacht werden. Methode: Es wird eine systematische Literaturrecherche anhand definierter Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien durchgeführt. Dabei werden sechs Studien zur Analyse und Würdigung ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse der sechs Studien lassen sich aufgrund von Limitationen nur bedingt vergleichen. Es können jedoch gemeinsame Eigenschaften abgeleitet werden, welche auf die Steigerung der Wirksamkeit des Beckenbodentrainings in der Schwangerschaft hinweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Um evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur genauen Umsetzung des Beckenbodentrainings abgeben zu können, ist weitere Forschung notwendig

Attraverso il corpo. Donne di una bidonville di Haiti e doni dello sviluppo

Living in Cité Soleil, the largest haitian slum, is in itself a stigma, hindering access to social services and humanitarian aid. Repression and the increasing presence of armed gangs imposed a culture of silence. Violence became normality, particularly against women. Their survival strategies can be summarized by kalkile, calculate, pervading the individual and social body. When confronted with inequity in health, choices may turn into acts of resistance.Still, women continue to organize collectively. Some counteract their despair with works of art, reproducing the beauty of what in their memory remains "the pearl of the Antilles": Haiti.

Remodeling of Wall Mechanics and the Myogenic Mechanism of Rat Intramural Coronary Arterioles in Response to a Short-Term Daily Exercise Program: Role of Endothelial Factors

PURPOSE: Exercise elicits early adaptation of coronary vessels enabling the coronary circulation to respond adequately to higher flow demands. We hypothesized that short-term daily exercise induces biomechanical and functional remodeling of the coronary resistance arteries related to pressure. METHODS: Male rats were subjected to a progressively increasing 4-week treadmill exercise program (over 60 min/day, 1 mph in the final step). In vitro pressure-diameter measurements were performed on coronary segments (119 +/- 5 mum in diameter at 50 mm Hg) with microarteriography. The magnitude of the myogenic response and contribution of endogenous nitric oxide and prostanoid production to the wall mechanics and pressure-diameter relationship were assessed. RESULTS: Arterioles isolated from exercised ani mals - compared to the sedentary group - had thicker walls, increased distensibility, and a decreased elastic modulus as a result of reduced wall stress in the low pressure range. The arterioles of exercised rats exhibited a more powerful myogenic response and less endogenous vasoconstrictor prostanoid modulation at higher pressures, while vasodilator nitric oxide modulation of diameter was augmented at low pressures (\u3c 60 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS: A short-term daily exercise program induces remodeling of rat intramural coronary arterioles, likely resulting in a greater range of coronary autoregulatory function (constrictor and dilator reserves) and more effective protection against great changes in intraluminal pressure, contributing thereby to the optimization of coronary blood flow during exercise

Cultural variability and consistency in adolescents’ emotional regulation and relationship with their parents: data from Argentina, Ghana, India and Zambia

The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between parent?child relationship and emotional regulation in adolescents across four countries regarding: (a) mother?child relationship; (b) father?child relationship; (c) adolescents? emotion regulation; and (d) the relationship between mother?child/father?child close relationships and adolescents? emotion regulation. Sex differences were also considered in the analysis. The sample of 270 Zambian, 216 Argentinian, 200 Ghanaian, and 180 Indian adolescents answered The Experience in Close Relationship Questionnaire and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire. Results revealed cultural differences in the way adolescents perceived their relations with parents. Zambian adolescents were more likely to perceive their relationship as avoidant compared to Ghanaian, Argentina and Indian. Consistent with literature, Zambian and Argentinian adolescents who perceived their parents as avoidant were likely to use less cognitive appraisal as an emotion regulation strategy. Finally, Argentinian adolescents who used expressive suppression were also likely to perceive their parents as avoidant.Fil: Hapunda, Given. University of Zambia; ZambiaFil: Mahama, S.. University of Ghana; GhanaFil: Mesurado, Maria Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; ArgentinaFil: Verma, S.K.. University of Delhi; IndiaFil: Koller, S.. North-West University; Sudáfrica. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasi

Relações Interpessoais de Adolescentes em Medida Socioeducativa de Internação

This research characterized interpersonal relationships established by juvenile offenders at treatment facilities, from the juvenile offenders’ perspective. It is a multiple case study conducted through four focus groups with 25 juvenile offenders, aged from 15 to 19 years old, inmate in treatment facilities of two Brazilian States. Participants characterized relationships with the treatment facilities’ workers as hostile and distant. Relationships with peers were mediated by values that perpetuate offending behavior. Adolescents related an approach with their families, as they were a source of social support during the moment of adversity. The period in treatment facilities thus constitutes a time of intense suffering and ineffective in its function of promoting development.O objetivo desta pesquisa é caracterizar as relações interpessoais estabelecidas por adolescentes em medida socioeducativa de internação, a partir da perspectiva dos adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo de múltiplos casos conduzido por meio de quatro grupos focais com 25 adolescentes, entre 15 e 19 anos, internos em unidades socioeducativas de dois estados brasileiros. Os participantes caracterizaram as relações com os funcionários como hostis e distantes. As relações com os pares parecem mediadas por valores que perpetuam a conduta infracional. Os adolescentes relataram aproximação com a família, por se constituírem como fonte de apoio social frente à situação de adversidade. A internação se constitui, assim, como um período de intenso sofrimento e pouco efetivo na função de promover o desenvolvimento

Resilience and the self-righting power of development : observations of impoverished Brazilian children in person-centred playtherapy

A chapter on observations of impoverished Brazilian children in person-centred playtherap